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CNS & pituitary tumors

Authors: Eman Abdelzaher, M.D., Ph.D., Zubair Ahmad, M.B.B.S., Saman Seyed Ahmadian, M.D., Jared T. Ahrendsen, M.D., Ph.D., Ethar Al-Husseinawi, M.B.Ch.B., Ph.D., Sanda Alexandrescu, M.D., Sarah A. Anderson, D.O., Manila Antonelli, M.D., Ph.D., Sylvia L. Asa, M.D., Ph.D., Valeria Barresi, M.D., Ph.D., Chunyu Cai, M.D., Ph.D., Daniel D. Child, M.D., Ph.D., P.J. Cimino, M.D., Ph.D., Brenndan Crumley, M.D., M.P.H., Antonio d’Amati, M.D., Chris Dampier, M.D., Yanel De Los Santos, M.D., John DeWitt, M.D., Ph.D., Mohamed Elnagdy, M.B.B.Ch., Angela France, D.O., Francesca Gianno, M.D., Ph.D., Jesse L. Kresak, M.D., Ian Lagerstrom, M.D., Nelli S. Lakis, M.D., M.Sc., Maria Martinez-Lage, M.D., Aisha Memon, M.B.B.S., Ashirwad Merve, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., Muhammad Khurram Minhas, M.B.B.S., Meaghan Morris, M.D., Ph.D., Davide Mulone, M.D., Rachel A. Multz, M.D., Thomas Pearce, M.D., Ph.D., Nat Pernick, M.D., Michael Punsoni, M.D., Bharat Ramlal, M.D., Pooya Roozdar, M.D., M.P.H., Katherine Schwetye, M.D., Ph.D., Nirupama Singh, M.D., Ph.D., SpiroAnthony Stathas, B.A., Arnault Tauziede-Espariat, M.D., Ph.D., Diana Thomas, M.D., Ph.D., Mariana Voudouri, M.D., Anthony T. Yachnis, M.D., Irfan Yasin, M.B.B.S., Rebecca Yoda, M.D., George Zanazzi, M.D., Ph.D.

Last staff update: 23 December 2024

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Editorial Board oversight: Jared T. Ahrendsen, M.D., Ph.D. (last reviewed December 2024), P.J. Cimino, M.D., Ph.D. (last reviewed April 2023)
Table of contents
General:anatomy & histology-pineal gland books CNS-histology (pending) DNA methylation classification of CNS tumors grossing, features to report & staging WHO classification
Cysts:colloid cyst ectodermal cysts endodermal cysts meningeal cyst neuroectodermal cysts pineal cyst simple cyst synovial cyst syrinx
Gliomas, glioneuronal tumors and neuronal tumors:glioma overview WHO grading of gliomas
Other astrocytic tumors:astroblastoma, MN1 altered chordoid glioma gliosarcoma high grade astrocytoma with piloid features (HGAP) pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma pilocytic astrocytoma subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
Adult type diffuse gliomas:astrocytoma, IDH mutant glioblastoma, IDH wild type oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant and 1p / 19q codeleted
Pediatric type diffuse high grade gliomas:diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34 mutant diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27 altered diffuse pediatric type high grade glioma, H3 wild type and IDH wild type infant type hemispheric glioma
Pediatric type diffuse low grade gliomas:angiocentric glioma diffuse astrocytoma, MYB or MYBL1 altered diffuse low grade glioma, MAPK pathway altered polymorphous low grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young (PLNTY)
Ependymal tumors:ependymoma overview myxopapillary ependymoma posterior fossa ependymoma (pending) spinal ependymoma (pending) subependymoma supratentorial ependymoma (pending) supratentorial ependymoma, YAP1 fusion positive (pending) supratentorial ependymoma, ZFTA fusion positive (pending)
Neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumors:central neurocytoma cerebellar liponeurocytoma desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma / ganglioglioma diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma (Lhermitte-Duclos disease) extraventricular neurocytoma gangliocytoma & ganglioglioma multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor (MVNT) myxoid glioneuronal tumor (pending) papillary glioneuronal tumor rosette forming glioneuronal tumor (RGNT)
Embryonal tumors
Medulloblastoma:medulloblastoma SHH activated
Other embryonal tumors:atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumor CNS embryonal tumor, NOS / NEC CNS neuroblastoma, FOXR2 activated CNS tumor with BCOR internal tandem duplication (pending) embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes
Choroid plexus tumors:choroid plexus tumors (papilloma, atypical papilloma, carcinoma)
Pineal tumors:desmoplastic myxoid tumor of the pineal region, SMARCB1 mutant papillary tumor of pineal region pineoblastoma pineocytoma pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation
Meningeal tumors:meningioma WHO grading of meningiomas anaplastic meningioma atypical meningioma chordoid meningioma clear cell meningioma papillary meningioma rhabdoid meningioma
Germ cell tumors:germ cell tumors
Sellar region tumors:adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma granular cell tumor (sellar) papillary craniopharyngioma pituicytoma pituitary hyperplasia pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) spindle cell oncocytoma
Lymphoma & histiocytic tumors:histiocytic tumors intravascular large B cell lymphoma lymphomatoid granulomatosis MALT lymphoma of the dura (pending) miscellaneous rare CNS lymphomas primary CNS lymphoma
Other tumors:cauda equina neuroendocrine tumor CIC rearranged sarcoma (pending) hemangioblastoma intracranial mesenchymal tumor, FET::CREB fusion positive (pending) melanocytic tumors / melanoma meningioangiomatosis metastases primary intracranial sarcoma, DICER1 mutant (pending) schwannoma solitary fibrous tumor
CNS tumor stains: ATRX BRAF V600E GFAP H3K27M (pending) IDH1 (R132H) NeuN NFP / neurofilament Olig2 SSTR2A synaptophysin

Superpages: entire chapterimagesvirtual slides
Index (Alphabetical table of contents)
A-E:adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma anaplastic meningioma anatomy & histology-pineal gland angiocentric glioma astroblastoma, MN1 altered astrocytoma, IDH mutant atypical meningioma atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumor cauda equina neuroendocrine tumor central neurocytoma cerebellar liponeurocytoma chordoid glioma chordoid meningioma choroid plexus tumors (papilloma, atypical papilloma, carcinoma) CIC rearranged sarcoma (pending) clear cell meningioma CNS embryonal tumor, NOS / NEC CNS neuroblastoma, FOXR2 activated CNS tumor with BCOR internal tandem duplication (pending) CNS-histology (pending) colloid cyst desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma / ganglioglioma desmoplastic myxoid tumor of the pineal region, SMARCB1 mutant diffuse astrocytoma, MYB or MYBL1 altered diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34 mutant diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor diffuse low grade glioma, MAPK pathway altered diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27 altered diffuse pediatric type high grade glioma, H3 wild type and IDH wild type DNA methylation classification of CNS tumors dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma (Lhermitte-Duclos disease) ectodermal cysts embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes endodermal cysts ependymoma overview extraventricular neurocytoma
F-N:gangliocytoma & ganglioglioma germ cell tumors glioblastoma, IDH wild type glioma overview gliosarcoma granular cell tumor (sellar) grossing, features to report & staging hemangioblastoma high grade astrocytoma with piloid features (HGAP) histiocytic tumors infant type hemispheric glioma intracranial mesenchymal tumor, FET::CREB fusion positive (pending) intravascular large B cell lymphoma lymphomatoid granulomatosis MALT lymphoma of the dura (pending) medulloblastoma melanocytic tumors / melanoma meningeal cyst meningioangiomatosis meningioma metastases miscellaneous rare CNS lymphomas multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor (MVNT) myxoid glioneuronal tumor (pending) myxopapillary ependymoma neuroectodermal cysts
O-Z:oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant and 1p / 19q codeleted papillary craniopharyngioma papillary glioneuronal tumor papillary meningioma papillary tumor of pineal region pilocytic astrocytoma pineal cyst pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation pineoblastoma pineocytoma pituicytoma pituitary hyperplasia pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma polymorphous low grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young (PLNTY) posterior fossa ependymoma (pending) primary CNS lymphoma primary intracranial sarcoma, DICER1 mutant (pending) rhabdoid meningioma rosette forming glioneuronal tumor (RGNT) schwannoma SHH activated simple cyst solitary fibrous tumor spinal ependymoma (pending) spindle cell oncocytoma subependymal giant cell astrocytoma subependymoma supratentorial ependymoma (pending) supratentorial ependymoma, YAP1 fusion positive (pending) supratentorial ependymoma, ZFTA fusion positive (pending) synovial cyst syrinx WHO classification WHO grading of gliomas WHO grading of meningiomas
CNS & pituitary tumors books

Asa: 2020

Ellison: 2013

Gill: 2022

Gray: 2018

Gupta: 2016

Husain: 2021

IARC: 2022

Kleinschmidt-DeMasters: 2022

Love: 2015

Perry: 2017

Rodriguez: 2016



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