Pathology Outlines

Stains & CD markers
CD30-39

Last author update: 1 January 2011

Last staff update: 10 June 2022

Copyright: 2002-2024, PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.

PubMed Search: CD30 [title], CD32 [title], CD35 [title], CD36 [title], CD37 [title], CD39 [title]

Table of Contents

CD30 | CD31 | CD32 | CD33 | CD34 | CD35 | CD36 | CD37 | CD38 | CD39 | Diagrams / tables | Microscopic (histologic) images

Cite this page: Pernick N. CD30-39. PathologyOutlines.com website. https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/cdmarkerscd30to39.html. Accessed December 21st, 2024.

CD30

See CD30

CD31

See CD31

CD32

Low affinity receptor to the Fc region of IgG
Also called Fc gamma RII
Subtyped as:
- Fc gamma RIIa (OMIM: 146790 [Accessed 6 May 2021])
- RIIb (OMIM: 604590 [Accessed 6 May 2021])
- RIIc (OMIM: 612169 [Accessed 6 May 2021])
Pathophysiology: low affinity receptor on white blood cells (see below) that binds to the Fc region of IgG immune complexes to remove foreign antigens
Clinical features:
- Polymorphisms affects incidence or severity of some diseases, including:
  - Antiphospholipid syndrome (Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:1930)
  - IgA nephropathy (Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20:2439)
  - Malaria (Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003;69:565)
  - Myasthenia gravis (J Neuroimmunol 2003;144:143)
  - Onchocerciasis (Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007;77:1074)
  - Peripheral atherosclerosis (Thromb Haemost 2004;92:1273)
  - Rheumatic fever (Clin Biochem 2004;37:925)
  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:1563)
- In dendritic cells, CD32a is considered an activating isoform and CD32b an inhibitory isoform; the balance between these receptors establishes a threshold of activation and enables immune complexes to mediate opposing effects on dendritic cell maturation and function (J Clin Invest 2005;115:2914)
Uses by pathologists: preincubation with CD16 / CD32 antibodies is commonly used to prevent nonspecific binding; no significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining - normal:
- CD32a: monocytes, macrophages; B cells, basophils, eosinophils, granulocytes, NK cells, plasma cells (some), platelets
- CD32b: most broadly distributed Fc receptor; monocytes / macrophages; also basophils, B cells eosinophils, Langerhans cells, neutrophils, placenta endothelial cells, platelets; not NK cells
- CD32c: monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells
Positive staining - disease: follicular lymphoma, histiocytic sarcoma
Negative staining: T cells (usually) (Immunology 1997;90:109)

CD33

See CD33

CD34

See CD34

CD35

Dendritic cell marker
Mediates cellular binding of particles and immune complexes that have activated complement
Also called erythrocyte complement receptor 1 (CR1), C3b and C4b receptor
Pathophysiology:
- Binds immune complexes coated with C3b or C4b and mediates their transport to and removal by the fixed phagocyte systems of the spleen and liver
- Cofactor for specific proteolytic cleavage of C3b and C4b by plasma serine protease factor I, which limits complement activation and produces ligands for other complement receptors
- The Knops, McCoy, Swain-Langley and York blood group antigens are located on CD35 (Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database)
- Follicular dendritic cells form a reticular network in the lymphoid follicle necessary to retain and present native antigens (in the form of antigen antibody immune complexes) to B cells during the secondary immune response
- CD21, CD23 and CD35 are dendritic cell markers
Clinical features:
- Reduced expression in erythrocytes in:
  - Gallbladder carcinoma (World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:3480)
  - Preeclampsia (Am J Reprod Immunol 2005;54:352)
  - Severe acute respiratory syndrome (Clin Exp Immunol 2005;139:112)
  - Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosis (Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3596)
- Acts as a malaria resistance gene and deficiencies of CR1 are protective against Plasmodium falciparum (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:272)
- Specific genotype is associated with sarcoidosis in females (Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002;27:17)
Uses by pathologists:
- Diagnose follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:944)
- Highlight or confirm lack of dendritic cell germinal center meshwork
  - For example: splenic B cell lymphoma (Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:903)
Positive staining - normal: follicular dendritic cells, erythrocytes; basophils, eosinophils, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages (some), B cells, T cells (10%), NK cell subset, some astrocytes
Positive staining - disease:
- Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:1048, Mod Pathol 2002;15:50)
- Hodgkin lymphoma (Reed-Sternberg cells in 5%) (Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:363)
- Inflammatory GI fibroid polyps (focal in stromal cells) (Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:107)
- Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (some cases) (Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31:438)
  - Occasionally other B cell lymphomas (J Appl Oral Sci 2009;17:248)
Negative staining:
- Langerhans cells (normal and tumors)
- Fibroblastic reticulum cell tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, histiocytic sarcoma (Am J Surg Pathol 1994;28:1133)
- Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:412)
- Interdigitating dendritic cell tumor (Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:1141)
Reference: OMIM: 120620 [Accessed 6 May 2021]

CD36

Scavenger receptor with numerous physiologic functions
Also known as platelet GPIV or GPIIIb, fatty acid translocase (FAT)
Pathophysiology:
- Numerous potential physiologic functions (see Clinical Features below)
- Serves as a scavenger receptor for oxidized phospholipids, apoptotic cells and certain microbial pathogens (Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 2010;121:206)
- Receptor for thrombospondin, collagen, oxidized LDL
- Gives rise to Naka antigen
Clinical features:
- Associated with platelet disorders:
  - Acts as cell adhesion molecule in platelet adhesion and aggregation, platelet monocyte and platelet tumor cell interactions
  - CD36 isoantibody may cause:
    - Posttransfusion purpura and platelet transfusion refractoriness (Transfusion 1995;35:777)
    - Life threatening hypotension and thrombocytopenia (Transfusion 2005;45:803)
    - Hydrops fetalis (Thromb Haemost 2006;95:267)
  - CD36 deficiency causes platelet glycoprotein IV deficiency (OMIM: 608404 [Accessed 6 May 2021])
    - More common in Asians and Africans
    - Divided into 2 subgroups
    - Type I is characterized by platelets and monocytes / macrophages exhibiting complete CD36 deficiency
    - Type II lacks the surface expression of CD36 in platelets but expression in monocytes / macrophages is near normal
  - CD36 deficiency is associated with hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance and mild hypertension (Mol Cell Biochem 2007;299:19)
- Associated with atherosclerosis:
  - Scavenger receptor for oxidized LDL and shed photoreceptor outer segments (Atherosclerosis 2006;184:15)
  - Also transports long chain fatty acids
  - Upregulated in familial combined hyperlipidemia (FASEB J 2005;19:2063)
  - Genetic variations in CD36 are associated with susceptibility to coronary heart disease type 7
  - CD36 may be taste receptor for fatty acids (J Clin Invest 2005;115:2965)
- Associated with malaria:
  - Site of cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes to microvascular endothelial cells
  - CD36 deficiency is frequent in sub Saharan Africa and Asia and is associated surprisingly with susceptibility to severe cerebral malaria
- Associated with Alzheimer’s disease:
  - May mediate binding to fibrillar beta amyloid
  - Present in microglia and endothelium in Alzheimer's disease
  - Low levels on peripheral blood leukocytes in Alzheimer patients (Neurobiol Aging 2007;28:515)
Positive staining - normal:
- Platelets, monocytes, macrophages, basophils, endothelial cells, early erythroid cells, megakaryocytes
- Also adipose tissue, breast epithelial cells, cardiac muscle, Sertoli cells of testis (elderly men and those with hypospermatogenesis), skeletal muscle, splenic cells (Hum Pathol 2004;35:34)
Positive staining - disease:
- Alzheimer’s disease (microglia, endothelial cells) (Am J Pathol 2002;160:101)
- AML M4 - M7, cervical LSIL (Hum Pathol 1994;25:73)
- CML (60%) (Mod Pathol 1998;11:1211)
- Gaucher cells (Am J Clin Path 2004;122:359)
- Myxoid liposarcoma (Am J Clin Path 1995;103:20)
- Plasmacytoid T cell lymphoma (Am J Clin Path 1990;93:822)
- Transient myeloproliferative disorder in Down’s syndrome (Am J Clin Path 2001;116:204)
Negative staining: AML M0 - M2 (usually), AML M3 (Am J Clin Path 1998;109:211)
References: OMIM: 173510 [Accessed 6 May 2021], Wikipedia: CD36 [Accessed 6 May 2021]

CD37

Member of tetraspanin family (members have 4 hydrophobic domains, others are CD9, CD53, CD63, CD81, CD82 and CD151)
Regulates T cell proliferation (J Immunol 2004;172:2953)
Clinical features: inhibits IgA responses and regulates the anti-fungal immune response (PLoS Pathog 2009;5:e1000338)
No significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining - normal: B cells, T cells (low), neutrophils (low), monocytes (low), macrophages, dendritic cells
Positive staining - disease: most B cell lymphomas, some T cell lymphomas (Leukemia 1994;8:1864)
Negative staining: NK cells, platelets, erythrocytes, plasma cells; plasma cell neoplasms, pre-B-ALL (or low)
Reference: OMIM: 151523 [Accessed 6 May 2021]

CD38

See CD38

CD39

Endothelial ATPase that blocks platelet activation
Also called ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase1)
Pathophysiology:
- Plasma membrane bound enzyme that hydrolyzes extracellular ATP and ADP to AMP (Platelets 2005;16:159)
  - Acts as important inhibitor of platelet activation by blocking platelet aggregation responses to ADP
  Also degrades the extracellular ATP released during tissue injury, which otherwise would trigger inflammation
- Highly expressed on regulatory Foxp3(+) CD4 T cells
- May have a therapeutic anti-thrombotic effect (Semin Thromb Hemost 2005;31:234)
- Biochemical activity is lost at sites of acute vascular injury, such as in ischemia reperfusion and immune graft rejection (Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006;36:217)
- Also regulates vascular and immune cell adhesion and signaling events pivotal in inflammation (Biochem J 2006;396:23)
Clinical features:
- Increased expression in lymphocytes of HIV+ patients (Biochim Biophys Acta 2005;1746:129)
- Presence in coronary atheromatous plaque may prevent acute coronary syndromes (Am J Cardiol 2005;95:632)
- Expression in HIV correlates with progressive disease and viral load (J Virol 2011;85:1287)
- Can be used to isolate functionally active Treg from peripheral blood (J Immunol Methods 2009;346:55)
No significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining - normal:
- Activated B cells, cytotoxic T cells (Eur J Immunol 1992;22:2681)
- Monocytes, macrophages, NK cells
- Endothelial cells, Langerhans cells (J Invest Dermatol 2005;125:482)
- Pancreas (J Histochem Cytochem 2002;50:549)
- Placenta (Eur J Histochem 2004;48:253)
- Vascular smooth muscle
Reference: OMIM: 601752 [Accessed 6 May 2021]

Diagrams / tables

Images hosted on other servers:

CD36 and macrophage phagocytosis

Microscopic (histologic) images

Case #81

CD35: follicular dendritic cell tumor

Images hosted on other servers:

CD35: liver mass

CD39: donor liver

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