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Stains & CD markers
CD10-19


Nat Pernick, M.D.

Last author update: 1 September 2013
Last staff update: 24 June 2021

Copyright: 2002-2024, PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.

PubMed Search: CD10[title], CD11, CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD11d, CDw12, CD14[title], CD15s[title], sialyl 6-sulfo Lewis, CD16a[title], CD16b[title], CD17, CDw17, Lactosylceramide[title], CD18[title]

Nat Pernick, M.D.
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Table of Contents
CD10 | CD11 | CD11a | CD11b | CD11c | CD11d | CDw12 | CD13 | CD14 | CD15 | CD15s | CD15u | CD16 / CD16a | CD16b | CD17 / CDw17 | CD18 | CD19 | Diagrams / tables | Microscopic (histologic) images
Cite this page: Pernick N. CD10-19. PathologyOutlines.com website. https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/cdmarkerscd10to19.html. Accessed December 18th, 2024.
CD10
CD11
  • Alpha component of various integrins (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD11d)
  • Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain
  • Adhesion molecules of the beta2 integrin family (CD11 / CD18) plays an essential role in neutrophil recruitment and activation during inflammation
  • Clinical features: deficiency of CD18 component (leukocyte adhesion deficiency) is a rare, inherited disorder, causing recurrent severe bacterial infections early in life, possibly fatal (OMIM: 116920 [Accessed 10 May 2021], Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1988;2:13)
CD11a
  • Alpha integrin chain at 16p11-13.1 that binds to CD18 and has various leukocyte functions (OMIM: 153370 [Accessed 10 May 2021])
  • Also called integrin alpha L, ITGAL and LFA1 alpha chain (in complex with CD18)
  • Pathophysiology:
    • Alpha integrin chain which binds to CD18 and mediates leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, leukocyte trafficking through activated endothelium, lymphocyte blastogenesis, lymphocyte endothelial cell adhesion, lymphocyte recirculation through lymph nodes, cytotoxic T cell mediated killing and antibody dependent killing by neutrophils and monocytes
    • Also mediates binding to unopsonized bacteria (e.g. E. coli) and fungi (e.g. Histoplasma capsulatum)
    • With CD18, binds to ICAM1 (CD54), ICAM2 (CD102), ICAM3 (CD50) and ICAM4 (CD242)
    • CD11a identifies effector and memory CD8+ T cells, independent of antigen specificity (Oncoimmunology 2013;2:e23972)
    • Decreased levels in CD4+ T cells in infants with biliary atresia, due to hypermethylation of CD11a promoter region (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012;417:986)
    • Increased levels in CD4+ T cells with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) (J Clin Immunol 2011;31:632)
  • Clinical features:
CD11b
  • Alpha component of an integrin at 16p11-13.1 that mediates adhesion (OMIM: 120980 [Accessed 10 May 2021])
  • Also called integrin alpha M, Mac1 and CR3A
  • Pathophysiology:
    • Mediates monocyte / macrophage / granulocyte adhesion to substrates by opsonization with iC3b, leading to phagocytosis, neutrophil aggregation and chemotaxis
    • Ligands include fibrinogen, Factor X, ICAM1, iC3b, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Histoplasma capsulatum
    • Expression is associated with activation of T cells
  • Clinical features:
  • Uses by pathologists:
    • Common myeloid marker and NK (natural killer cell) antigen
    • Differentiates recovery from acute agranulocytosis (CD11b+, CD117-) from acute promyelocytic leukemia (CD11b-, CD117+) (Am J Clin Pathol 2002;118:31)
    • Differentiates Down syndrome patients with AML (usually CD13+, CD11b+) from transient myeloproliferative disorder (usually CD13-, CD11b-) (Am J Clin Pathol 2001;116:204)
    • May be useful for flow cytometry diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome as part of panel (Ann Clin Lab Sci 2012;42:271)
  • Positive staining - normal:
    • Granulocytes, macrophages
    • Follicular dendritic cells, myeloid cells beginning with promyelocytes, NK cells, some B / T cells
  • Positive staining - disease:
  • Negative staining: Gaucher cells (Am J Clin Pathol 2004;122:359)
CD11c
CD11d
  • Receptor for ICAM3 (CD50) and VCAM1 (CD106) at 16p11.2 (OMIM: 602453 [Accessed 10 May 2021])
  • Also called integrin alpha D
  • No significant clinical use by pathologists
  • Positive staining - not malignant: macrophage foam cells within atherosclerotic plaques
  • Negative staining: B cells, follicular dendritic cells
CDw12
CD13
CD14
  • Pattern recognition receptor that detects antigenic molecules on the surface of various microorganisms
  • Also called lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor, monocyte differentiation antigen
  • Mutations can prevent adequate inflammatory response to infection, leading to systemic infections
  • Pathophysiology:
    • GPI linked pattern recognition receptor that detects antigenic molecules on the surface of bacteria (lipoteichoic acid on gram positive, lipopolysaccharides on gram negative), myobacteria (glycolipids) and fungi (mannans), as part of the innate (nonadaptive) immune system (adaptive immune system refers to lymphocytes recognizing microorganism proteins via T cell receptors and antibodies) (Wikipedia: Innate Immune System [Accessed 10 May 2021]
    • Soluble form of CD14 is secreted by liver and monocytes; in low concentrations it confers LPS responsiveness to cells which are otherwise CD14 negative
    • Macrophages with a multiprotein complex of CD14, MD2 and TLR4 bind to LPS, causing macrophage activation and release of cytokines (Mol Immunol 2014;57:210)
    • Detection of lipopolysaccharide induces IL12 production (mediated by CD14), producing interferon gamma, which steers immune system away from allergy driven Th2 phenotype, associated with IgE production
    • Important for clearance of apoptotic cells (Nature 1998;392:505, PLoS One 2013;8:e70691)
    • Early promonocytes express MY4 epitope; mature monocytes express MO2 epitope; neoplastic monocytes also often express MY4 but not MO2 (Am J Clin Pathol 2005;124:930)
  • Clinical features:
  • Uses by pathologists: identify mature monocytes / macrophages
  • Positive staining - normal: macrophages / monocytes (90%), Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, B cells and granulocytes (weak, 30%)
  • Positive staining - disease: AML M4 / M5 (50 - 90%), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and histiocytic sarcoma (Am J Clin Pathol 2011;135:720)
  • Negative staining:
    • Myeloid progenitors, AML M0 - M2 (usually), M3, M6 and M7
    • Sinusoidal histiocytes with phagocytic properties (erythrophagocytosis, anthracosis, tingible body macrophages) (Hum Pathol 2006;37:68)
    • Gaucher macrophages (Hum Pathol 1992;23:1410)
    • Most epithelial and endothelial cells
  • Reference: OMIM: 158120 [Accessed 10 May 2021]
CD15
CD15s
CD15u
  • Adhesion protein representing the sulfated form of CD15
  • Also called sialyl 6-sulfo Lewis
  • Major L selectin ligand on high endothelial venules of human peripheral lymph nodes (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;278:90)
  • No significant clinical use by pathologists
  • Positive staining - normal:
    • Neutrophils, basophils, mature granulocytes, monocytes, NK cells and T lymphocytes
    • Also immature bone marrow cells, endothelial cells of high endothelium (HEV) of peripheral lymph nodes
    • Expression on lymphocytes is variable depending on the antibodies used for detection
  • Positive staining - disease: myelomonocytic leukemia cells, adenocarcinoma
CD16 / CD16a
  • CD16 has been identified as IgG, Fc receptors FcγRIIIa (CD16a) and FcγRIIIb (CD16b), which participate in signal transduction
  • Also known as Fc gamma receptor III A, FCGR3A, low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III A
  • CD14+ CD16+ monocytes have increased capacity to produce proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF alpha and are elevated in various inflammatory diseases, including coronary artery disease (Thromb Haemost 2004;92:419)
  • CD16a polymorphisms influence:
    1. Severity but not the incidence of IgA nephropathy in Japanese patients (Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20:2439)
    2. Pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (Atherosclerosis 2005;180:277)
    3. Clinical response to rituximab and infliximab for Crohn disease (DNA Cell Biol 2012;31:1671, Br J Haematol 2011;154:223, Immunogenetics 2013;65:265)
  • Loss of CD16a in children is associated with recurrent viral infections
  • Pathophysiology:
    • Gene is similar to that for CD16b
    • Binds various IgG molecules, including rheumatoid factor
    • Mediates antibody dependent cytotoxicity of foreign cells, phagocytosis and other antibody dependent responses but if target cell has class I MHC, the NK cell's killer cell inhibitory receptor (KIR) inhibits cytolysis
    • Mediates platelet satellitism (Am J Clin Pathol 1995;103:740)
    • Affinity to ligand is regulated by glycosylation (Immunology 2003;110:335)
  • Uses by pathologists:
    • NK cell and macrophage marker
    • Used to subtype leukemia / lymphomas
    • Note: preincubation with CD16 / CD32 antibodies is commonly used to prevent nonspecific binding
  • Positive staining - normal: NK cells, granulocytes, monocytes / macrophages, T cells (reactive), immature thymocytes and placental trophoblast
  • Positive staining - disease:
    • NK proliferative disorders, hepatosplenic alpha beta and gamma delta T cell lymphomas (variable), T cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (variable)
    • CD16 expression, normally absent from eosinophils, is upregulated with allergic conditions (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:46)
  • Negative staining: basophils; NK / T cell lymphoma nasal type
  • Reference: OMIM: 146740 [Accessed 10 May 2021]
CD16b
  • Most common receptor for the Fc domain of IgG on leukocytes
  • Also known as Fc gamma receptor III B, low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-B
  • Has allotypes that define the human neutrophil antigen 1 (HNA 1 and NA) system involved in major post transfusional reactions (Tissue Antigens 2004;64:119)
  • Polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (Lung 2010;188:475)
  • Polymorphisms may be associated with malaria (PLoS One 2012;7:e46197, Hum Genet 2012;131:289)
  • Low copy number is associated with glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus (Nature 2006;439:851)
  • CD16+ eosinophils are upregulated in allergic conditions (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:463)
  • Pathophysiology:
    • Highly homologous to CD16a
    • Only Fc receptor linked to the plasma membrane by a GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) anchor
    • Occurs in 2 codominantly expressed allelic variants, NA1 and NA2, which exhibit different binding affinities for IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses
  • No significant clinical use by pathologists
  • Positive staining - normal: neutrophils, basophils (J Immunol 2009;182:2542)
CD17 / CDw17
  • Most abundant glycosphingolipid in neutrophils; not a protein
  • Also known as lactosylceramide
  • CD17 is also a type of mutation in beta-thalassemia, unrelated to CD markers (Fetal Diagn Ther 2010;27:25)
  • Pathophysiology:
  • Clinical features: elevated levels are present in plasma of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and in plaque intima of aorta in patients who died of cardiovascular disease (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:6490)
  • No significant clinical use by pathologists
  • Positive staining - normal: granulocytes, macrophages / monocytes, platelets, basophils, CD19+ B cells and tonsillar dendritic cells
CD18
  • Integrin which forms the beta 2 chain of CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD11d to create a leukocyte adhesion molecule (OMIM: 600065 [Accessed 11 May 2021])
  • Gene is designated ITGB2 (integrin beta 2)
  • Combines with alpha L chain (CD11a) to form the integrin LFA1
  • Combines with the alpha M chain (CD11b) to form the integrin Mac1 (macrophage antigen 1, complement receptor 3)
  • Combines with the alpha X chain (CD11c) to form completement receptor 4
  • Also combines with the alpha D chain (CD11d)
  • Pathophysiology:
  • Clinical features:
    • Deficiency of the CD18 component (leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1) is a rare, inherited disorder, causing severe leukocytosis and recurrent severe bacterial infections early in life of skin and mucosal surfaces, possibly fatal, due to defective white blood cell adherence, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and bacterial killing (OMIM: 116920 [Accessed 11 May 2021], J Clin Immunol 2010;30:756)
    • Note: leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2 is due to a deficiency in CD15s
    • Reduced expression also seen in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome (PLoS One 2011;6:e14616)
    • CD11b / CD18 is receptor for Bordetella pertussis adhesin filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and for the adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), which blocks neutrophil function (Infect Immun 2005;73:7317, J Exp Med 2001;193:1035)
    • CD11b / CD18 induces neutrophilic response leading to killing of Steptococcus pyogenes (Eur J Immunol 2005;35:1472)
    • May have role in development of diabetic retinopathy (Int J Ophthalmol 2012;5:202)
  • No significant clinical use by pathologists
  • Positive staining - normal: neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, NK cells and basophils
  • Negative staining - normal: often negative in acute promyelocytic leukemia (Am J Clin Pathol 2012;138:744)
CD19
Diagrams / tables

Images hosted on other servers:
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CD14: toll-like receptor pathways

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Membrane bound and serum forms of CD14

Microscopic (histologic) images

Images hosted on other servers:
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CD11a: intestinal mucosa (fig F)

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CD11a: eruptive papules with efalizumab therapy

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CD11b: normal spleen

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CD11b: gastric cancer

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CD14: normal bone marrow (fig C)


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CD14: acute monoblastic leukemia (fig F) (bone marrow)

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CD14: acute myelomonocytic leukemia (fig F) (bone marrow)

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CD14: microglia in Alzheimer patients (CNS)

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CD14: biliary atresia (liver)

Anti CD15s
antibody blocks
infection of HL60
cells by HGE agent


CD15s expression correlates with HL60 cells

CD15u: colorectal cancer

CD15u: skin

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CD18: fibrocytes

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