Home > Stains & CD markers > PDL1 22C3
Stains & CD markers
PDL1 22C3

Editorial Board Member: Christian M. Schürch, M.D., Ph.D.
Editor-in-Chief: Debra L. Zynger, M.D.
Gary Tozbikian, M.D.

Last author update: 6 March 2023
Last staff update: 6 March 2023

Copyright: 2002-2024, PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.

PubMed Search: PDL1 22C3

Gary Tozbikian, M.D.
Page views in 2023: 35,257
Page views in 2024 to date: 11,124
Table of Contents
Definition / general | Essential features | Terminology | Pathophysiology | Clinical features | Tissue handling | Interpretation | Uses by pathologists | Microscopic (histologic) images | Positive staining - normal | Positive staining - disease | Negative staining | Sample pathology report | Board review style question #1 | Board review style answer #1
Cite this page: Tozbikian G. PDL1 22C3. PathologyOutlines.com website. https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/stainsPDL1.html. Accessed April 18th, 2024.
Definition / general
  • Programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) is an immune checkpoint protein expressed on activated immune cells and tumor cells (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23:2965, Cancer Immunol Res 2014;2:361)
  • Coinhibitory factor that binds receptors programmed cell death 1 (PD1) and B7-1 on the surface of activated T cells to regulate the immune response and limit autoimmunity
  • Expression of PDL1 in cancer is an adaptive immune resistance mechanism to avoid T cell mediated anticancer immune response
Essential features
  • PDL1 (22C3) is the FDA approved companion diagnostic to pembrolizumab in certain clinical scenarios for:
    • Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC)
    • Cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma
    • Urothelial carcinoma
    • Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)
    • Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)
    • Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)
    • Note: indication for gastric / gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma was withdrawn on 9/2022
  • Scoring of PDL1 (22C3) is tumor site specific
Terminology
  • Alternative names: PDCD1 ligand 1, PDCD1L1, cluster of differentiation 274 (CD274), B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1), pharmDX PD-L1 (22C3)
Pathophysiology
  • PDL1 is an immune checkpoint protein that regulates the immune response to prevent excessive / chronic autoimmune inflammation
  • Normally expressed on activated immune cells (e.g., antigen presenting cells and B cells)
  • Expression induced in response to inflammation and high level cytokine expression (IFNγ)
  • Binds regulatory surface receptors PD1 and B7 on CD8+ T cells
  • Inhibits T cell activation and induces T cell exhaustion (Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:252, Nat Med 2002;8:793)
  • Cancers can express PDL1 as an adaptive immune resistance mechanism to attenuate the host antitumor immune response
  • Selective blockade of the PD1 / PDL1 axis is used as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of multiple cancers to prevent T cell inhibition and reactivate T cell mediated tumor cell killing
Clinical features
  • PDL1 (22C3) is the companion diagnostic to pembrolizumab, a humanized monoclonal PD1 blocking antibody
  • FDA approval for pembrolizumab for non-small cell lung carcinoma based on results of KEYNOTE-010 and KEYNOTE-024 clinical trials (Lancet 2016;387:1540, N Engl J Med 2016;375:1823)
  • Pembrolizumab is indicated for the treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung carcinoma whose tumors have high PDL1 expression (tumor proportion score ≥ 50%), with no EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations and no prior systemic chemotherapy treatment for metastatic non-small cell lung carcinoma
  • Pembrolizumab is indicated for the treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung carcinoma whose tumors express PDL1 (tumor proportion score ≥ 1%) with disease progression on or after platinum containing chemotherapy
    • Patients with EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations should have disease progression of FDA approved therapy for these aberrations prior to receiving pembrolizumab
  • FDA approval for pembrolizumab for patients with previously treated advanced cervical cancer based on results of KEYNOTE-158 clinical trial (J Clin Oncol 2019;37:1470)
  • FDA approval for pembrolizumab for patients ineligible for cisplatin containing chemotherapy with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma based on the KEYNOTE-052 clinical trial (Lancet Oncol 2017;18:1483)
  • FDA approval for pembrolizumab as first line treatment for patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma based on the KEYNOTE-048 clinical trial (Lancet 2019;394:1915)
  • FDA approval for pembrolizumab for advanced / metastatic triple negative breast cancer based on results of KEYNOTE-355 clinical trial (J Clin Oncol 2020;38:1000)
  • FDA approval for pembrolizumab for recurrent locally advanced or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma based on KEYNOTE-181 clinical trial (J Clin Oncol 2020;38:4138)
Tissue handling
  • PharmDX PDL1 (22C3) assay is an immunohistochemical assay using monoclonal mouse anti-PDL1 clone 22C3 that targets the extracellular domain of PDL1
  • Intended for use in the assessment of PDL1 protein in either tumor cells or tumor infiltrating immune cells in the formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues
  • Assay includes EnVision FLEX visualization system reagents, performed on an Autostainer Link 48
  • Tissue fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, feasibility studies were performed on tissues fixed for between 12 - 72 hours; tissues with fixation times of < 3 hours should not be used for PDL1 assessment
  • Not validated for decalcified specimens
  • Avoid performing on stored precut unstained slides that are older than 6 months
  • Testing must be performed according to standardized analytically validated protocols
  • References: Agilent: PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx Overview [Accessed 2 February 2023], Agilent: PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx Interpretation Manual - NSCLC [Accessed 2 March 2023]
Interpretation
  • Minimum of 100 viable tumor cells must be present for evaluation
  • Scoring in necrotic areas should be avoided
  • Any degree of staining intensity (1+ to 3+) counts towards scoring
  • Scoring is tumor site dependent
  • Staining can be present in both immune cell (IC) and tumor cell (TC) components
  • Tumor cells
    • Only membrane staining should be evaluated
    • Partial or complete membrane staining is included
    • Cytoplasmic staining is not included
  • Immune cells
    • Membrane and cytoplasmic staining are often indistinguishable due to high N:C ratio
    • Therefore, both membrane and cytoplasmic staining of inflammatory cells are included
    • Only staining in lymphocytes and macrophages is counted
    • Staining in neutrophils, eosinophils and plasma cells is not counted
  • Recommended control tissue: benign human tonsil

Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC)
  • Evaluated using a tumor proportion score (TPS)
    • TPS is the percentage of viable tumor cells showing partial or complete membrane staining (≥ 1+) relative to all viable tumor cells present in the sample
    • Specimen should be considered to have PDL1 expression if TPS ≥ 1% and high PDL1 expression if TPS ≥ 50%

    TPS = Number of PDL1 positive tumor cells × 100
    Total number of PDL1 positive + PDL1 negative tumor cells

  • Divided into 3 levels:
    • TPS < 1%: no PDL1 expression
    • TPS 1 - 49%: PDL1 expression
    • TPS ≥ 50%: high PDL1 expression

Cervical carcinoma
  • Expression is determined by using combined positive score (CPS)
    • CPS is the number of PDL1 staining cells (tumor cells, lymphocytes, macrophages) divided by the total number of viable tumor cells, multiplied by 100
    • Specimen should be considered to have PDL1 expression if CPS is ≥ 1
    • Cells in the numerator include all viable invasive tumor cells and mononuclear immune cells directly associated with the response to the tumor (lymphocytes and macrophages within tumor nests and adjacent supporting stroma); adjacent mononuclear immune cells are defined as being within the same 20x field as the tumor

    CPS = Number of PDL1 staining cells (tumor cells, lymphocytes, macrophages) × 100
    Total number of viable tumor cells

  • CPS value can be > 100 but the maximum value reported is 100
  • Divided into 2 groups:
    • CPS < 1: no PDL1 expression
    • CPS ≥ 1: PDL1 expression

Urothelial carcinoma
  • Expression is determined by using combined positive score (CPS)
    • CPS is the number of PDL1 staining cells (tumor cells, lymphocytes, macrophages) divided by the total number of viable tumor cells, multiplied by 100
    • Specimen should be considered to have PDL1 expression if CPS is ≥ 10
    • Cells in the numerator include all viable tumor cells (including high grade papillary carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, any lamina propria, muscularis or serosal invasion, metastatic carcinoma) and mononuclear immune cells directly associated with the response to the tumor (lymphocytes and macrophages within tumor nests and adjacent supporting stroma); adjacent mononuclear immune cells are defined as being within the same 20x field as the tumor
  • Divided into 2 groups:
    • CPS < 10
    • CPS ≥ 10

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)
  • Expression is determined by using combined positive score (CPS)
    • CPS is the number of PDL1 staining cells (tumor cells, lymphocytes, macrophages) divided by the total number of viable tumor cells, multiplied by 100
    • PDL1 expression (CPS ≥ 1) is used to inform patient eligibility for first line therapy with pembrolizumab
    • Cells in the numerator include all viable invasive tumor cells and mononuclear immune cells directly associated with the response to the tumor (lymphocytes and macrophages within tumor nests and adjacent supporting stroma); adjacent mononuclear immune cells are defined as being within the same 20x field as the tumor
  • Divided into 3 groups:
    • CPS < 1: no PDL1 expression
    • CPS ≥ 1: PDL1 expression
    • CPS ≥ 20: PDL1 expression*
  • *PDL1 expression level CPS ≥ 20 may be of interest to treating physicians but does not determine eligibility for first line therapy

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)
  • Expression is determined by using combined positive score (CPS)
    • CPS is the number of PDL1 staining cells (tumor cells, lymphocytes, macrophages) divided by the total number of viable tumor cells, multiplied by 100
    • Specimen should be considered to have PDL1 expression if CPS is ≥ 10
    • Cells in the numerator include all viable invasive tumor cells and mononuclear immune cells directly associated with the response to the tumor (lymphocytes and macrophages within tumor nests and adjacent supporting stroma); adjacent mononuclear immune cells are defined as being within the same 20x field as the tumor
  • Divided into 2 groups:
    • CPS < 10: no PDL1 expression
    • CPS ≥ 10: PDL1 expression

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)
Uses by pathologists
  • Current companion diagnostic indications for PDL1 (22C3) include non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), cervical carcinoma (including cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma), urothelial carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), advanced / metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)
Microscopic (histologic) images

Contributed by Gary Tozbikian, M.D.
Cervix, invasive squamous cell carcinoma   Cervix, invasive squamous cell carcinoma

Cervix, invasive squamous cell carcinoma

Bladder, invasive urothelial carcinoma with sarcomatoid differentiation   Bladder, invasive urothelial carcinoma with sarcomatoid differentiation

Bladder, invasive urothelial carcinoma with sarcomatoid differentiation

Recurrent triple negative invasive breast cancer (NST)   Recurrent triple negative invasive breast cancer (NST)

Recurrent triple negative invasive breast cancer (NST)

Positive staining - normal
  • Immune cells (nontumoral)
  • Tonsil (control tissue) in follicular macrophages (weak moderate) and reticulated crypt epithelial cells (strong)
Positive staining - disease
Negative staining
  • Tonsil (control tissue) in superficial squamous epithelium, fibroblasts and endothelium
Sample pathology report
  • Liver, core needle biopsy:
    • Metastatic breast carcinoma involving liver (see comment)
      • PDL1 (Ventana 22C3): Positive (CPS ≥ 10)
    • Comment: PDL1 IHC (clone 22C3, pharmDx) is an FDA approved companion diagnostic for selecting patients with triple negative breast cancer for pembrolizumab performed on a Dako Autostainer Link 48. Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) is indicated for the treatment of patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic triple negative, PDL1 positive breast cancer.
    • Tumor cells and mononuclear inflammatory cells (within tumor nests or adjacent supporting stroma) with partial or complete linear membrane staining if at least 1+ intensity are scored as positive. PDL1 expression in triple negative breast cancer is determined by using combined positive score (CPS), which is the number of PDL1 staining cells (tumor cells, lymphocytes, macrophages) divided by the total number of viable tumor cells, multiplied by 100. The combined positive score is estimated by manual quantification. Scoring is as follows: CPS < 10 negative, CPS ≥ 10 positive. The sample is adequate if ≥ 100 tumor cells are present. Certain tissue processing factors, such as decalcification, formalin fixation time outside an acceptable range (< 3 hours), prolonged time to fixation and use of tissue from blocks that are 6 months or older, can affect PDL1 staining / expression and results should be interpreted with caution in such instances. This assay is not validated for decalcified specimens.
    • All controls show appropriate reactivity. All immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and histochemical tests were developed by and are performed at the ___ Laboratory. All tests reported here, except those addressing HER2, ALK and PDL1 expression as predictive markers, have not been cleared by or approved by the U.S. FDA. The laboratory is regulated under CLIA as qualified to perform high complexity testing. The tests are used for clinical purposes. They should not be regarded as investigational or for research.
    • Reference: J Clin Oncol 2020;38:1000
Board review style question #1
PDL1 (22C3)


A PDL1 (22C3) immunostain is shown above. Which of the following statements regarding PDL1 (22C3) is correct?

  1. PDL1 (22C3) is the FDA approved companion diagnostic assay for nivolumab
  2. In advanced / metastatic triple negative breast cancer, PDL1 (22C3) is determined by using combined positive score (CPS), with a positive score cutoff of CPS ≥ 1
  3. In non-small cell lung carcinoma, PDL1 (22C3) is determined by using combined positive score, with a positive score cutoff of CPS ≥ 10
  4. In advanced / metastatic urothelial carcinoma, PDL1 (22C3) is determined by using tumor proportion score (TPS), with a positive score cutoff of TPS ≥ 1%
  5. In non-small cell lung carcinoma, scoring of PDL1 (22C3) is only evaluated in the tumor cell component
Board review style answer #1
E. In non-small cell lung carcinoma, scoring of PDL1 (22C3) is only evaluated in the tumor cell component. PDL1 (22C3) is the FDA approved companion diagnostic assay for pembrolizumab. In triple negative breast cancer and urothelial carcinoma, 22C3 is scored using combined positive score, with a cutoff of CPS ≥ 10. In non-small cell lung carcinoma, 22C3 is scored using a tumor proportion score. Tumor proportion score is scored by evaluating the PDL1 expression in the tumor cell component only.

Comment Here

Reference: PDL1 22C3
Back to top
Home > Stains & CD markers > PDL1 22C3
Image 01 Image 02