Appendix

Adenocarcinoma and related tumors

Pseudomyxoma peritonei / mucinous carcinoma peritonei


Editorial Board Member: Aaron R. Huber, D.O.
Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Catherine E. Hagen, M.D.
Alex Placek, M.D., M.Sc.
Maryam Kherad Pezhouh, M.D., M.Sc.

Last author update: 9 February 2022
Last staff update: 15 November 2023

Copyright: 2003-2024, PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.

PubMed Search: Pseudomyxoma peritonei appendix

Alex Placek, M.D., M.Sc.
Maryam Kherad Pezhouh, M.D., M.Sc.
Page views in 2023: 16,392
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Cite this page: Placek A, Pezhouh MK. Pseudomyxoma peritonei / mucinous carcinoma peritonei. PathologyOutlines.com website. https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/appendixpseudomyxoma.html. Accessed March 28th, 2024.
Definition / general
  • Clinical term referring to intraperitoneal accumulation of mucin secondary to mucinous neoplasia
  • Fairly controversial topic with regard to biological behavior and nomenclature
Essential features
  • Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a clinical term, not a histologic diagnosis
  • Most commonly due to ruptured appendiceal mucinous neoplasia
  • Histologic grade of peritoneal disease is an important prognostic factor
  • Treatment includes cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for low grade disease and systemic chemotherapy for high grade disease
Terminology
  • Jelly belly
  • Historical terminology (not recommended to be used): disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis (DPAM), peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis (PMCA), peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis with signet ring cells
    • Current terminology:
      • WHO Digestive System Tumors (5th edition):
        • G1: low grade peritoneal mucinous neoplasia
        • G2: high grade peritoneal mucinous neoplasia
        • G3: high grade peritoneal mucinous neoplasia with signet ring cells
      • Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International (PSOGI) (Am J Surg Pathol 2016;40:14):
        • Low grade mucinous carcinoma peritonei
        • High grade mucinous carcinoma peritonei
        • High grade mucinous carcinoma peritonei with signet ring cells
ICD coding
  • ICD-O: 8480/6 - pseudomyxoma peritonei
  • ICD-10: C78.6 - secondary malignant neoplasm of retroperitoneum and peritoneum
Epidemiology
Sites
  • Abdominal cavity
  • Peritoneum / omentum
  • External surface of abdominal and pelvic organs
  • Ovaries
  • Paracolic gutters
Pathophysiology
  • Rupture and intra-abdominal spread of mucinous neoplasms (Am J Surg Pathol 2016;40:14)
    • Majority from appendiceal mucinous neoplasm
    • Ovarian mature teratomas with mucinous neoplasia far less common (Am J Surg Pathol 2008;32:645)
  • Redistribution phenomenon: spread of mucus and epithelium along the normal flow of peritoneal fluid (Ann Surg 1994;219:109)
  • Mucinous deposits and production of mucin result in increased intra-abdominal pressure, compression of visceral organs and bowel obstruction (World J Gastrointest Surg 2018;10:49)
  • Unlikely to metastasize to lymph nodes or beyond abdominal cavity
Clinical features
Diagnosis
  • Cross sectional imaging to assess disease extent
  • Histologic evaluation for subtype and grade of peritoneal biopsies or primary tumor
  • Histologic evaluation for grade of cytoreductive surgery specimen
    • Search for and sample solid components
    • Submit 1 section per centimeter of mucinous deposits (Cancer 2020;126:2534)
      • Any focus of high grade warrants a classification of high grade disease
Laboratory
  • CEA, CA125 and CA19-9
    • Preoperative serologic levels may predict overall and disease free survival following complete cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC for pseudomyxoma peritonei (Eur J Surg Oncol 2014;40:515)
Radiology description
Radiology images

Images hosted on other servers:
Morphological patterns of PMP

Morphological patterns of PMP

Prognostic factors
  • Considered a malignant condition (Am J Surg Pathol 2016;40:14)
  • Degree of cellularity and histologic grade important prognostic factors
    • Histologic grade: low grade versus high grade - 63% versus 23% overall 5 year survival (J Clin Pathol 2012;65:919)
    • Signet ring cells and destructive invasion associated with poor outcomes (Mod Pathol 2014;27:1521)
      • Degenerated mucinous cells floating in pools of mucin not considered true signet ring cells
  • Complete cytoreduction improves survival (J Clin Pathol 2012;65:919)
  • Incomplete cytoreduction may be predicted by involvement of perihepatic area (hepatic pedicle, lesser omentum, vena cava) (Ann Surg Oncol 2018;25:694)
Case reports
Treatment
  • Cytoreductive surgery with or without HIPEC
  • Systemic chemotherapy may be considered with high grade or signet ring cell histology (Eur J Surg Oncol 2021;47:11)
Clinical images

Images hosted on other servers:

Ascitic fluid

Mucinous ascites

Cytoreductive surgery

Cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC

Gross description
  • Deposits on omentum, peritoneum and visceral surfaces
  • Variably sized, round nodules with gelatinous cut surface
  • May show solid areas
  • Reference: Int Cancer Conf J 2017;6:158
Gross images

Contributed by Alex Placek, M.D.

Omental nodules

Frozen section description
Frozen section images

Contributed by Alex Placek, M.D.

Low cellularity

Low grade cytology

Increased cellularity

High grade cytology

Microscopic (histologic) description
  • WHO Digestive System Tumors (5th edition) grading system of peritoneal metastases of appendiceal mucinous neoplasms
    • Grade 1: hypocellular mucinous deposits, low grade cytology, lacks infiltrative type invasion
    • Grade 2: hypercellular mucinous deposits, high grade cytology, infiltrative type invasion (angulated glands with desmoplasia or numerous small mucin pools containing clusters of tumor cells)
    • Grade 3: mucinous tumor deposits with signet ring cells
  • Although uncommon, discordance of histologic grade between primary appendiceal lesion and peritoneal disease may exist (J Clin Pathol 2012;65:919)
Microscopic (histologic) images

Contributed by Alex Placek, M.D.

Low cellularity

Low grade cytology

Increased cellularity

Invasion with desmoplasia

Signet ring cells

Degenerated mucinous cells

Molecular / cytogenetics description
Sample pathology report
  • Omentum, omentectomy:
    • Acellular mucin (or)
    • Low grade peritoneal mucinous neoplasia / low grade mucinous carcinoma peritonei (or)
    • High grade peritoneal mucinous neoplasia / high grade mucinous carcinoma peritonei (or)
    • High grade peritoneal mucinous neoplasia with signet ring cells / high grade mucinous carcinoma peritonei with signet ring cells
Board review style question #1

A 45 year old woman presents with a 2 week history of abdominal pain and increased abdominal girth. Clinical and radiologic findings are concerning for pseudomyxoma peritonei. A biopsy from an omental nodule is shown. The primary neoplasm is most likely from which anatomic site?

  1. Appendix
  2. Colon
  3. Ovary
  4. Pancreas
Board review style answer #1
A. Appendix. Pseudomyxoma peritonei is a clinical syndrome characterized by extravasation of mucin into the abdomen due to a ruptured mucinous neoplasm. Primary tumors from all of the sites listed have been associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei. However, the large majority arise from the appendix. Furthermore, the low grade cytology displayed in the image strongly argues for a low grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm primary.

Comment Here

Reference: Pseudomyxoma peritonei
Board review style question #2
Based on the WHO (5th edition) grading system of peritoneal metastases of appendiceal mucinous neoplasms, which of the following is a feature of grade 2?

  1. Destructive invasion
  2. Infiltrating signet ring cells
  3. Low grade cytology
  4. Signet ring appearing cells floating in mucin pools
Board review style answer #2
A. Destructive invasion. The WHO (5th edition) recommends a 3 tier system for grading peritoneal disease of primary appendiceal mucinous neoplasia (grade 1 - 3). The grade of peritoneal disease has prognostic significance and guides therapeutic interventions. Hypocellular deposits with low grade cytology is classified as grade 1. Hypercellular deposits with high grade cytology or destructive invasion is classified as grade 2. Finally, grade 3 requires infiltrative signet ring cells. Importantly, degenerative cells floating in pools of mucin that morphologically resemble signet ring cells are not associated with a poor prognosis and do not warrant categorization as grade 3.

Comment Here

Reference: Pseudomyxoma peritonei
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